Volume 9 (2019)
Copulas in contact: Kriyol, Upper Guinea Creoles, and their substrate
Chiara Truppi (Universidade de Lisboa)
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Abstract
The present paper aims
to describe copulas in Kriyol from a semantic-syntactic perspective and to
compare them to copulas in the other Upper Guinea Creoles and certain substrate
languages. We will show that in Kriyol the selection of the copula from the
paradigm principally depends on two factors: i) the predicate type, and ii) the
aspect and tense properties of the clause. The former is responsible for the split encoding of nominal and locative
predication. In particular, the copula sta
occurs with locative predicates, while we find several suppletive forms for
nominal predication, each with its semantic-syntactic function, namely i, the null copula Ø, sedu, and (y)era. Aspect and tense
play a crucial role in the selection of the copula with nominal predicates. Furthermore,
we will compare Kriyol copulas to those used in the Santiago variety of Cape
Verdean Creole and Casamancese Creole, as well as to copulas in Wolof
(Atlantic) and Mandinka (Mande), which are mentioned in the literature as substrate
languages of the Upper Guinea proto-creole. On the basis of similarities among
these languages, we will argue that Wolof and Mandinka influenced the emergence
of UGC system of copulas.
Keywords:
copulas, Kriyol, predicate
type, aspect, tense, Upper Guinea Creoles, substrate